RED SLENDER LORIS

Loris tardigradus

Geographic Distribution and Habitat

The red slender loris (Loris tardigradus), locally named “thevangu“, is an endemic primate species native to the beautiful island country of Sri Lanka, located just off the southern coast of India. As an endemic species, red slender lorises can only be found in Sri Lanka because of the country’s unique, isolated, geographical location. Surrounded by the Bay of Bengal and the Laccadive Sea, Sri Lanka has a tropical climate with consistently high temperatures and varying rainfall patterns. Red slender lorises typically inhabit southern and southwestern parts of the country and prefer to inhabit tropical rainforests and inter-monsoon forests. These areas are also considered to be within Sri Lanka’s “south-western wet zone”. 

Red slender lorises can be found scattered throughout the country’s lowland wet evergreen forests, mid-elevation evergreen forests, moist mixed evergreen forests, and montane evergreen forests, with an elevation limit of up to 6,890 (2,100 meters). Their geographical borders are all located within Sri Lanka’s southern tip and include: Colombo, Kalutara, Ratnapura, Kegalla, Galle, Matara, and some parts of Hambantota. 

Sri Lanka has two distinct monsoon seasons in a single year: the Maha season and the Yala season. The Yala season, which is associated with the southwest monsoon, takes place between the months of May and August and the average annual rainfall is over 8 feet (250 centimeters). Since there is very little variation in temperature year-round, with the daily temperatures ranging between 81 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit (27 to 31 degrees Celsius), Sri Lanka is also considered one of the hottest countries in the world. 

TAXONOMIC NOTES

In 1998, Colin Groves, a British-Australian biologist and anthropologist, argued for two species of Loris tardigradus in Sri Lanka: one red form and one gray form. Groves’ hypotheses were not scientifically proven until more than twenty years later. In 2015, phylogenetic analysis confirmed the existence of the two species proposed by Groves: Loris tardigradus tardigradu and Loris tardigradus nycticeboides . 

In 2015, primatologists validated the existence of Loris tardigradus tardigradu, a very small and narrow-snouted red form loris, located in Sri Lanka’s wet zone. In the country’s central highlands, a larger gray formed loris was discovered and was commonly named the montane loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides), or Horton Plains slender loris

At the same time, additional evidence revealed a distinct, high-altitude species in the southwestern wet zone in Sri Lanka’s Deniyaya-Rakwana mountains, but researchers declined to officially name the species until receiving more details. 

red-slender-loris-range-iucn-2020_orig
Red slender loris range, IUCN 2024

Size, Weight, and Lifespan

The average body length of a red slender loris measures between 8 to 10 inches (20.32 to 25.4 centimeters), while their width, or linear measurement between the sides of the animal’s body, ranges between 1.6 to 3 inches (4 to 8 centimeters). With such a small stature, it is unsurprising that the typical weight of this tiny creature can be anything between 0.175 to 0.375 pounds (80 to 170 grams), which is less than the weight of a standard loaf of bread!

As a species, their average lifespan is between 15 to 18 years. 

Appearance

In Tamil, one of two official languages spoken throughout the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka, red slender lorises are referred to by their native name thevangu, which translates to “the slender-bodied one” in English. As their name suggests, slender lorises have long, thin limbs, accompanied by small hands, rounded heads, and pointed muzzles. The tops of their hands, feet, back, and face are covered with a dense layer of short, soft, reddish-tan fur, while their underside is coated with a thinner layer of silver-white fur. In general, like most fun-size creatures, their bodies are very compact!

Among all small mammal species, lorises are considered one of the strongest. In addition to having extremely strong fingers and toes, lorises have specialized muscles and blood vessels in their limbs that allow them to maintain a powerful grip for long, extended periods of time, without fatiguing. To further help with their grip, lorises also have five toes on each foot, including an opposable big toe, that is capable of grasping. Combined, these evolutionary features encourage arboreal survival; without proper grip strength, they would not be able to hang, climb, swing, or access food sources within their environment.

Disproportionate to their small heads, these nocturnal primates have large, saucer-like eyes that appear orange in color. Each eye contains a tapetum lucidum, or reflective layer, that reflects light through the retina, back to the lighting source. In low levels of light, the tapetum lucidum improves their night vision by stimulating light-sensitive cells that turn electrical signals into visual images, evidently allowing them to observe their environment. 

Although their ears are often hidden under their fur, their nighttime navigation is further aided by their extraordinary hearing, especially since they rely heavily on sound for communication and hunting prey.

Photo: ©Aleksey Levashkin/iNaturalist/Creative Commons
Diet

Like other loris species, red slender lorises are omnivorous feeders that naturally consume various species of insects and reptiles. Although they are known to be solitary feeders, adults may forage in male-female pairs, for the benefits of protection from predators, shared knowledge, and increased territory defense.  

Prey species for red slender lorises include: the agamid lizard (Lacerta Agama), the common green forest lizard (Calotes calotes), the rough-nose horned lizard (Ceratophora aspera), the Sri Lankan atas moth (Attacus taprobanis), Yerbury’s elf dragonfly (Tetrathemis yerburyii), tiger beetles (calomera angulata), weevils (Curculionoidea), stick insects (Sipyloidea ceylonica), and various ant species. Occasionally, they may also consume leaves, flowers, or plant gums. 

In order to maximize the nutritional value of their food sources, the animals consume all parts of their prey, including the bones and scales of reptiles and other small invertebrates. What a formidable foe!

Behavior and Lifestyle

Red slender lorises are nocturnal primates. They are most active during dusk and dawn, specifically when shadows stretch across the Earth’s horizon, and grey clouds cover the sun at dusk and dawn

Unlike many other primate species, red slender lorises do not move at rapid speeds and instead prefer to travel slowly and intentionally. While hunting, they spend most of their time stalking their prey, before engaging in a “sneak, spring, grab” attack-method. Although they have the capacity to move quickly, unless alarmed, red slender lorises prefer to move at a much slower pace, in order to avoid being detected by their natural predators. In Sri Lanka, such predators include the crested hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), Legge’s hawk-eagle (Nisaetus kelaarti), and the golden palm civet (Paradoxurus zeylonensis). 

As an arboreal species, red slender lorises also spend the majority of their time hanging, swinging, and sleeping within the comfort of the forest canopy. For example, in Sri Lanka’s Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, several red slender lorises were found in areas heavily populated by Gal-karanda (Humboldtia laurifolia), a tropical rainforest tree native to the island. There, the animals were observed engaging with various plant species in all the ways described above. 

During the day, in order to fall asleep, lorises often curl up into a ball and tuck their heads under their arms until comfortable. Their sleeping sites include tree hollows, crevices, gnarled branches, or even makeshift nests composed of leaves. Could you imagine a cuter sight? 

Fun Facts

In addition to having an opposable thumb, red slender lorises have a vestigial index finger that helps facilitate their strong grip. This structure provides the animal with a pincer-like grasp, which is especially useful for climbing. 

In primates, vestigial index fingers are finger-like structures that have lost their original function through evolution and have become virtually non-existent. Due to changes in their ancestor’s environment, and subsequent alterations in behavior patterns, the structure no longer proved advantageous for later generations. Between then and now, the vestigial index fingers of red slender lorises have become so small that many people believe them to only have four fingers instead of five. 

Daily Life and Group Dynamics

The red slender loris is a solitary animal, and although some may choose to live in pairs, adults typically prefer to live and feed alone. 

Since red slender lorises are nocturnal, there are very few mammal species that interact with them when they are most active. That being said, because they share an ecosystem with other primates (such as the purple-faced langur (Semnopithecus vetulus), it would not be unusual if they were observed interacting in the wild. 

Communication

Whether excited or alarmed, red slender lorises produce a variety of different sounds, including chitters, whistles, growls, screams, or “kirk” and “zic” calls. During infancy, some infants also produce high-pitched scratching sounds, seemingly to get the attention of their mothers. 

Urine washing is a behavior observed in primates where they intentionally deposit urine on their hands and feet or other body parts. For red slender lorises, urine washing is an important form of olfactory communication because it allows them to establish territorial boundaries with other animals, and acts as a warning sign. Additionally, urine may also be used by lorises to moisturize their skin to provide better friction while climbing, as well as assist with internal temperature regulation, or to convey feelings of nervousness or excitement. 

Reproduction and Family

In Sri Lanka, wild red slender lorises follow two distinct mating seasons for breeding opportunities, one from April to May and another from October to November. During these seasons, when the female is most sexually receptive, she will hang from branches by her four limbs, and fully support her partner’s weight as he impregnates her.

Once pregnant, the female’s gestation ranges between 166 to 169 days. Once the gestation period is over, mothers will give birth to one, freshly-pink infant, although twin births have been observed. 

Individuals reach sexual maturity between 10 to 18 months of age and may procreate shortly after reaching maturity. 

Ecological Role

Loris species have an integral role within their ecosystem because they disperse seeds, pollinate plants, and control insect populations. 

To pollinate and disperse seeds, when red slender lorises consume plant products, they inadvertently transfer pollen between flowers. Once the pollen is transferred from one flower to another, the flower thus becomes fertilized and produces seeds; this is the process of pollination, a key part of plant reproduction. Similarly, as they eat and digest other plant products, they spread seeds through their feces when they defecate, therefore propagating the forest floor. Once a seed is planted, the general biodiversity of the habitat will improve. 

Since insects reproduce in large quantities, and remain a large part of a red slender loris’ diet, when they are consumed, populations are kept in check. If this balance goes unchecked, it may cause crop damage, food shortages, or disease outbreaks.

Conservation Status and Threats

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the red slender loris as Endangered (IUCN, November 2015), appearing on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the red slender loris is listed as Endangered due to its estimated population size. In Sri Lanka, fewer than 2,500 mature individuals remain on the island and the number continues to decline. Considering subpopulations, fewer than 250 mature individuals remain. 

Conservation Efforts

The red slender loris listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), an international agreement between governments whose goal is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. This species is also protected under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance Act No. 2, 1937, and subsequent amendments including Act No. 49, 1993. 

Unfortunately, almost all of the protected or proposed protected areas for this species are suffering habitat degradation and fragmentation, due to human activity. Within the last 50 years, Sri Lanka has nearly lost 97% of its forest cover due to residential and commercial development, agro-industry farming, utility and service line development, road development, etc. Hunting and trapping are also a major contributor to the population’s decline. 

To protect red slender lorises, conservation awareness programs are necessary, now more than ever. Although conservation education programs currently exist within Sri Lanka, they need to be more accessible to local people, public and private sector workers, government officials, and schoolchildren. 

Looking toward the future, behavior, and ecology studies are needed to better understand the habitat requirements of all slender lorises, and more detailed surveys are needed to obtain quantitative data on densities and distribution. 

References:
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Written by Brooklynne Mitchell-Arno, January 2025